Upconversion nanoparticles demonstrate unique optical properties, making them attractive for applications in bioimaging, sensing, and disease management. However, their potential toxicity remains a considerable concern. This review aims to provide a thorough analysis of the toxicity connected with upconversion nanoparticles. It investigates various

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Carbon nanotubes, cylindrical structures composed of rolled graphene sheets, have captivated scientists and engineers with their exceptional physical properties. Their unique strength, conductivity, and lightness make them ideal candidates for a broad range of applications, from high-performance structures to flexible electronics. Understanding the

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